This is a framework for asynchronous loading of data into an Amazon QLDB ledger. The framework receives events from a delivery channel and writes them to the target ledger, performing idempotency checks and ensuring that document revisions are written in order. The supported delivery channels are listed below.

Loader programs (not included in this project) read source data and write each record as an event into the delivery channel in a specified message event format (see below). The loader program is de-coupled from the work of validating events and writing them to the ledger. It simply needs to read data from the source as fast as it can and put events into the channel.

The project includes a default implementation that is useful for loading a QLDB export into a new ledger, but is easily extensible to suit other data loading scenarios, including ongoing cross-region replication. The qldb-export-processor project provides the loader program for loading exports.

The loader framework expects events as JSON or Ion strings with the following fields:

For example:

{
  "op": "UPDATE",
  "table": "Person",
  "id": "JuvoLmXrENBEFUDWacVuOb",
  "version": 1,
  "data": {
    "FirstName": "Brent",
    "LastName": "Logan",
    "DOB": "1967-07-03",
    "GovId": "LOGANB486CG",
    "GovIdType": "Driver License",
    "Address": "43 Stockert Hollow Road, Everett, WA, 98203"
  }
} 

The following event delivery channels are supported.

Amazon SQS is useful for delivering events to a single destination.

Amazon SNS is useful for delivering events to multiple subscribers, even across regions. If ordering of events is required, use the Amazon SNS to Amazon SQS approach below. AWS Lambda does not currently support subscribing to an SNS FIFO topic, but it will subscribe to an SQS FIFO queue.

A Lambda function receives events from the SNS topic and loads the event into the target ledger. The Lambda service provides a limited number of event retries because it receives events from SNS asynchronously. Error-and-retry is the mechanism for preserving ordering of revisions of a document. Therefore, SNS should only be used as delivery channel for loads consisting of new records to deliver to the ledger, not for updates. Otherwise, an excessive number of events may end up in the dead-letter queue.

Single-region approach:

Multi-region approach:

Events can be written to an Amazon SNS topic in a fan-out architecture to distribute events to SQS queues in multiple regions to accomplish simultaneous multi-region writes. This is useful over a straight SNS-only fanout approach if FIFO is required because Lambda does not currently subscribe to SNS FIFO topics but will subscribe to SQS FIFO queues.

An Amazon Kinesis Data Stream can also be used as the delivery channel.

This framework can be used with QLDB Streaming to send data from one ledger to another. For example, cross-region replication.

To use the framework to consume events from a QLDB stream, set the LoaderHandlerName parameter in the CloudFormation stack to software.amazon.qldb.load.receiver.QldbLedgerStreamEventReceiver::handleRequest.

This framework can be used with Amazon EventBridge as the delivery channel. A Lambda function receives events from an EventBridge bus rule and loads the event into the target ledger. The Lambda service provides a limited number of event retries because it receives events from EventBridge asynchronously. Error-and-retry is the mechanism for preserving ordering of revisions of a document. Therefore, EventBridge should only be used as delivery channel for loads consisting of new records to deliver to the ledger, not for updates. Otherwise, an excessive number of events may end up in the dead-letter queue.

This framework can be used with AWS Database Migration Service (DMS) to migrate data from a DMS-supported source database into the target ledger via an Amazon Kinesis Data Stream as the delivery channel. The framework supports both full loads and Change Data Capture (CDC) to support one-time migrations, gradual cut-overs, or for on-going data replication from a source database into a QLDB ledger acting as an audit database. DDL changes are not supported by the framework.

Understand how DMS works with your source database and with Kinesis Data Streams target endpoints before using this approach.

It is possible to change the value of the primary key or unique identifier for a record in the source table. To propagate this change through to the ledger, the framework needs to know the previous value of the identifier. To have DMS provide the previous identifier, add the following configuration to the migration task's settings:

"BeforeImageSettings": {
    "EnableBeforeImage": true,
    "ColumnFilter": "pk-only",
    "FieldName": "before-image"
}

See here for more details on this setting.

1. Sign up for AWS — Before you begin, you need an AWS account. For more information about creating an AWS account and retrieving your AWS credentials, see Accessing Amazon QLDB in the Amazon QLDB Developer Guide.
2. A QLDB ledger — See Basic operations for ledgers.
3. An S3 bucket — The bucket will be used to store code for deployment to Lambda. See Creating a bucket.

Build the project with the following command.

mvnw install

The build creates a JAR file in the target folder called amazon-qldb-ledger-load-VERSION-deploy-pkg.jar. Upload the file to an S3 bucket, where it will be used by one of the CloudFormation templates below.

Deploy the loader project by creating a stack with one of the templates in the src/main/cfn folder of the project. Select one of the following:

The CloudFormation templates each contain configuration parameters with a short description. Some parameters require more explanation and are described here.

Strict mode determines the validation behavior of the RevisionWriter in certain circumstances. When strict mode is on, validation will fail DELETE and UPDATE events if the corresponding record does not exist in the target ledger. When strict mode is off, these events will be quietly skipped. Strict mode is useful when the target ledger is expected to be in a perfect replicated state. Turning strict mode off provides flexibility and can be useful to repair a target ledger when replication is interrupted unexpectedly.

Maven creates a deployment file called amazon-qldb-ledger-load-[VERSION]-deploy-pkg.jar. This jar contains the code from this project and its dependencies and is suitable for Lambda function deployments. After building the project, this file should be uploaded to an Amazon S3 bucket in your account. The LambdaCodeS3Key and LambdaCodeS3Bucket configuration parameters tell the CloudFormation template where the deployment package is in S3 when creating the Lambda functions. LambdaCodeS3Key specifies the "path" of the deployment package relative to the root of bucket. For example, "projects/code/qldb/amazon-qldb-ledger-load-[VERSION]-deploy-pkg.jar".

Specifies the fully-qualified class name of the RevisionWriter that the loader Lambda function (event handler) uses to interact with the ledger(s). Implementations must be sub-classes of software.amazon.qldb.load.writer.RevisionWriter. The project currently provides two RevisionWriter implementations: BaseRevisionWriter and TableMapperRevisionWriter. You may create your own if these don't provide the functionality you need.

The project uses Lambda provisioned concurrency to reserve a baseline set of Lambda resources to apply to ledger loading. QLDB ledger throughput depends on the number of clients -- more writers yield higher throughput (up to a point). However, provisioned concurrency can be expensive. This parameter allows you to set the minimum provisioned capacity for loading and control costs. The project should be undeployed when no longer needed to reduce costs.

The QLDB drivers will automatically retry transactions up to 4 times when OCC conflicts are encountered. You can override this behavior with this parameter. In general, it's best to leave this at its default setting.

Determines the number of concurrent ledger sessions each instance of the QLDB driver can consume. The default for this is 1, which means 1 session per Lambda instance. Leave this setting at its default unless your specific implementation requires more.

Please use these community resources for getting help.

• Ask a question on StackOverflow and tag it with the amazon-qldb tag.
• Open a support ticket with AWS Support.
• Make a new thread at AWS QLDB Forum.
• If you think you may have found a bug, please open an issue.

This library is licensed under the MIT-0 license.